Based on the writings contained in the "foot" was closed to the Borobudur temple in the form of letters from the ancient Javanese Pallawa letter, then it can be expected in the founding of the temple, namely in the year 850 AD, the island of Java at the time controlled by the family of the kings Sailendra between 832-900 years. So age is more than 1,000 years.
The temple is composed of 2 million lump of stone, partly the walls in the form of relief which tells the Mahayana teachings. Temple edges have size 123 meters, is high including the top of the stupa that no longer exists because it was struck by lightning 42 m. The current height 31.5 m. At the bottom was shaped stupa Borobudur, the Buddhist shrine in its original form is a dome (half sphere) which stands on pedestal base and given an umbrella on it.
The temple that has 9 levels, namely: 6 levels below,: "each side rather prominent tortuous, giving the impression multangular. 3 levels above it:''circular. And most of the so-called level-10 is large stupa diameter size 9.90 m, height 7 m.
Borobudur has no spaces that formerly used as a place of worship like other temples. That there are long hallways which is a narrow road, both edges are limited by the walls of the temple, around the temples level by level.
From one other level in the four corners there are entrance gate to another level via the stairs. In the halls of the Buddhist is expected to perform ceremonial walk around the temple to the right. The ceremony was called pradaksima
Dutch historian Dr. J.G. Casparis in a doctoral dissertation for a degree in the year. 1950 suggested that Borobudur storied 10 illustrates clearly visible philosophy of Mahayana Buddhism called "Dasabodhisatwabhumi".
Philosophy was taught, that every person who wants to reach the level position as a Buddhist Bodhisattva must exceed 10 degrees. If it has exceeded 10 levels, then the man will reach perfection and become a Buddha.
Please note, that according to Mahayana Buddhism, Gautama Buddha other than that we know in history, there are also figures of Buddha etc., each according to his era, both in times past and in the days to come. Buddha in the future is now still in his heaven and still storied Buddhist bodhisattva is a candidate in the future.
Dr. J. G. Casparis argues that Borobudur is actually a place of worship of ancestors of the kings Sailendra, for ancestors attain Awakening.
Ten levels of Borobudur was also symbolizes, that the ancestors of the king who built Borobudur Sailendra it amounted to 10 people. Based on many Karangtengah inscription 824 AD and 824 AD many inscriptions Kahulunan Dr. J.G. Casparis argues that the founding king Sailendra Borobudur was named Samaratungga, roughly around the year 824. The giant new building would be completed by the daughter of Queen Pramodawardhani.
In the event that the experts have not found a deal.
Depth-Depth of Borobudur
In 1929 Prof. Dr. W.F. Stutterheim has put forward his theory, that Borobudur was essentially a "clone" of the universe which, according to Buddhism consists of three major parts, namely: (1). Kamadhatu, (2). Rupadhatu, and (3). Arupadhatu.
Section "feet" symbolizes Kamadhatu, the world is still dominated by kama or lust (desire) is low, the ordinary human world like our world.
Rupadhatu, namely the world who can liberate themselves from the bonds of lust, but is still bound by the manner and form, that is his world of saints and the "nature of" separating "the unconscious" (Kamadhatu) with the "nature of" (Arupadhatu).
Arupadhatu, which is "above nature" or nirvana, where the Buddha dwells, where absolute freedom is achieved, free from desire and free of bond forms and shapes. Because it was described as part Arupadhatu plain, no air-relief.
Buddha statues Dhayani
In part Rupadhatu Dhayani Buddha statue depicted open, ditempatka in a hole in the wall like an open window. But section Arupadhatu statues were placed in the stupa covered with holes as in captivity. From the outside still looks the statues were equivocal.
How placement of statues such as those apparently intended by its creator to describe the form of a vague "between being and not being" as a transition meaning Among Rupadhatu and Arupadhatu.
Arupa which means no tangible form or not a new fully reached at the peak and center of the temple was the largest and highest stupa depicted plain (without the holes), so that the statue did not appear therein.
Stupas cage sculptures in the lower part Arupadhatu underlined italics, are the holes like a vertical stripes on it.
According to the late Professor. Dr. Sucipta Wirjosaputro such holes is a symbol of the disappearance of residual levels of the last passion.
The holes are lined sloping (less than the others) illustrate, that at that level there are still remnants of lust, are at levels above the vertical lines describe the passions that have been eroded out, and the liver was already straight.
3 km long relief; statue 505 pieces
Reliefs on the walls of the Borobudur temple, according to Drs. Moehkardi in essence number is 1460 scenes, moderate relief decorative (decoration) is 1212 pieces. Long relief is when connected wholly-grafting can reach 2900 m, so almost 3 km.
Total statue is 505 pieces, consisting of:-Level-1 Rupadhatu to place statues of Buddha Manushi as many as 92 pieces;-Three levels of rest each have 92 Dhyani Buddha statues;-level above it has 64 Dhyani Buddha statues.
Furthermore, there are also level Arupadhatu Dhyani Buddha statues are kept in the stupa, each level of: 32, 24 and 16 of 72.
Finally at the very top of the main stupa, the former there is also a statue of the Adhi Buddha, the tallest Buddha in Mahayana Buddhism. So julah entirely is 3 x 92 pieces of 432 + 64 + 1 = 505 pieces.
Amazing numbers game
Drs. Moehkardi raised the numbers game in which the Borobudur Temple is very impressive, as follows:
The number of stupas at the Arupadhatu (stupa at the top do not count) are: 32, 24, 26 which has a comparative basis, ie 4:3:2, and everything is divisible by 8.
Height of the stupa at three levels tsb. Is: 1.9 m, 1.8 m, each distinct 10 cm. So is the diameter of these stupas, has the exact same size with height: 1.9 m, 1.8 m, 1.7 m.
Some numbers in Borobudur, when added up the numbers will end up being number 1 again. Suspected that it was made so that could be interpreted: the number 1 symbolizes the Oneness The Adhi Buddha.
Consider the evidence below:
Total levels of Borobudur was 10, the numbers in 10 when added together the result: 1 + 0 = 1. The number of stupas in which there is Arupadhatu statues there: 32 + 24 + 16 + 1 = 73, number 73 when added together the result: 10 and as above 1 + 0 = 10.
The number of the statues at Borobudur total of 505 pieces. When the numbers in it summed, the result is 5 + 0 + 5 = 10 as well as above 1 + 0 = 1.
The Adhi Buddha in Buddhism Mahaya not be regarded as a supreme Buddha, but also regarded as the origin of any origin, and also the origin of the sixth Dhyani Buddha, so he referred to as "the Almighty".
Thus the beauty of Borobudur as a visible and felt, contains a high philosophy, such as stored in the inner East nations, especially our nation.
The discovery of Borobudur
It never occurred to the Government of the Netherlands East Indies archipelago that one day this will be controlled by the British. Governor-General in charge of colonial issues in the East, Lord Minto should delegate authority in this archipelago to the Lieutenant Governor General Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. Raffles has a great attention to the eastern culture, so that when in 1814 received a report about the discovery of ruins of the temple is estimated, engineer officer immediately sent HC Cornelius to the archipelago. That initial discovery of the buried Borobudur either since when and what causes it. The mystery that until now have not been revealed.
Unfortunately, in 1815 the British had to leave and return the land to the Dutch colony. For the Netherlands, the legacy of history is also not less interesting. In 1834 Resident Kedu newly named Hartman served two years of seeking cleanup of Borobudur. Stupa which was top of the temple known to have dropped since Cornelius addressed 20 years earlier ..
Over the next 20 years there was no region that is responsible for invention. In 1842 Hartman doing research on the main stupa. In the culture of Buddhism, the stupa was founded to save the relics of Buddha or Buddha relics students who have achieved sanctity. In the language of religion, called saririka dhatu relics, taken from the remaining physical form completed crystal cremation. If not achieve holiness, the remaining material is not crystalline and is not taken. When a crystal is retrieved and placed in the stupa. It is believed that these relics have a sacred vibration that leads to good deeds. At each ceremony Vesak, these relics are also carried in procession from the Mendut to Borobudur to be placed on the main altar in the western courtyard. Relic that should be in the main stupa of Borobudur till now not known who took and where stored.
Thus, Borobudur was discovered in 1814 began to be handled under the command Hartman, among others, to bring the photographer, in 1845 named Schaefer, but the results are not satisfactory. That's why in 1849 the decision was made to draw only the building of Borobudur. The task entrusted to the FC Wilsen who successfully complete the 476 images in 4 years. There was another who was commissioned to create a description of Borobudur that is still a guessing, namely Brumund. Results and Brumund Wilson submitted by the Government of the Netherlands East Indies to the new Leemans in 1853 made it in 1873. During the cultivation picture guessing that, by Hartman Borobudur be a place of recreation. At its peak set the building to see the beauty of nature while drinking tea. Cleanup continues rocks, pasted-paste from a supposedly random only.
Boon to the King
Borobudur cleaned from day to day, until the more interesting. It's fantastic for the Dutch authorities enjoy a great view over the ancient building such a big.
In 1896, King of Thai, Chulalongkorn come to the Netherlands East Indies. As Buddhists certainly will not miss to watch the building of the stupa is touted by officials of the colonial government. Somehow her story is, the Dutch government offers the King to bring part of the stones of Borobudur. According to records not less than 8 carts through the Port of Tanjung Emas Semarang. Among those transported to the State of the white elephant is there are 30 plates wall reliefs of temples, Buddha statues, 5, 2 lions and 1 shower makara.
When we are in the palace of King Bhumibol Adulyagej we can see the stones of Borobudur well maintained up to now. As a country which largely adopted Buddhism, the people expressed reverence before the statue of Buddha from Borobudur as a symbol of the greatness of his Master.
So, long before the stones of Borobudur was placed as it should, part of the rocks that are in the palace Dynasti Cakri been treated well, because the royal family there to understand the symbols contained in a small part relic religion.
Restoration
In 1882 no proposal to dismantle all the stones of Borobudur to be placed in a museum. This proposal is not approved, even encouraged efforts to rebuild until shaped temple ruins. Another impetus for the more open the veil of mystery dalah discovery of one more floor below the first floor of the temple by Vzerman in 1885.
In 1900 formed a special committee of planning restoration of Borobudur temple. After working for two years, the committee concluded that three things need to be considered in the restoration are:
First:
combating of immediate danger of collapse cultivated already urged by way of strengthening the corners of the building, re-establish the sloping walls on the first level, improving the gate-gate, niche and stupas, including the main stupa.
Second:
perpetuate the situation that has been repaired by means of holding the strict and proper supervision, improve drainage by way of improving the floors and hallways.
Third:
displays the temple is clean and intact with a road to get rid of all the loose rocks to be installed again and get rid of all the additional buildings.
In 1905 the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands out decision, which approved the proposal of the Committee with the provision of funds amounting to 48,800 guilders to appoint engineers Engineers T.van Erp.
Renovation began in August 1907 which was completed in 1911. Thus, Borobudur beauty can be enjoyed in full.
After the proclamation of independence, in 1948 the Government of Indonesia that is still in settlement countries considering the damage to Borobudur which has been known since 1929 to bring in two experts from India's ancient. Unfortunately there is no continuation of this business. In 1955 the government of Indonesia requested assistance to Unesco to save the various temples in Java, Borobudur is no exception. More steady effort began only in 1960 that stalled because of the rebellion when the nation G.30.S/PKI concentrate rescuing the future that nearly torn communist.
Seriously new temple restoration done on the New Order era, through Presidential Decree No.217 of 1968 dated July 4, 1968 established the National Committee in charge of raising funds and implementing the restoration. The following year the President dissolved the Committee and charged the task of restoration to the Minister of Transportation.
1973 inaugurated the beginning of the restoration that was completed on February 23, 1983. This rescue effort is the most stable in the history of Borobudur care.
Triumvirate
When to Borobudur was established with certainty yet found data. Of the many Karangtengah Inscription Inscription 824 M and 842 Sri Kahulungan many mentions that there are three temples dedicated to glorifying the greatness of Buddha, namely Mendut, Pawon and Borobudur.
The building in question is Mendut founded by Pramudyawardani, Pawon which was founded by by Indra and Borobudur which was founded by the famous king named Smaratungga Dynasti dynasty. Enatah whichever comes first established, which clearly all three have special meaning and have an attachment to one another.
Of existing reliefs, Temple Mendhut established to commemorate Buddha's first sermon. On the wall was clearly offered an alternative that may be selected by the followers of the Buddha, that life as a monk renounce the world (hermit) or living in the mundane for the welfare of others showing prosperity to the nation. Buddha taught the election referred to with a definite and clear consequences. To learn more about life through the achievement of Nibbana (Nirvana), then at Borobudur described in detail, from the lustful life, through birth after birth in both the nature of animals, nature, god or human nature until eventually there is no birth again called Nibbana .
But to find a deeper meaning contained in the wall of Borobudur, our minds should be ripened at Pawon first. Thus the meaning of the Buddhist pilgrimage trip to Borobudur.
From Mendhut, stop in Pawon to Borobudur, rather than vice versa from the grandest to the initial search for dharma. This can also be illustrated our lives, first look for a handle of life, choosing among the alternatives available and then through a full pendadaran quiet and concern to achieve greatness. All three lie in a straight line from east to west.
Borobudur Relief
Whenever we want to "read" all the relief panels on the walls of the Borobudur Temple, we must start from the East Gate. On the first floor, immediately turning left to walk in a clockwise direction is called "Circumambulating". As the first reliefs depicted when the bodhisatta (Bodhisattva) is in heaven Tusita, dihantar by god when will be born as human beings. It was only in the walls of the 13 depicted as Queen Maya dreamed that an elephant into the womb as a harbinger of the crown prince will give birth at an advanced age.
Surrounding the wall first until the end of the East Gate again depicted as the Buddha expounded the dhamma (dharma) for the first time in front of five people in the Garden Isipatana hermit. The story is called Lilitavistatara life.
Reading the relief of the second floor to the fourth floor in the third depiction Circumambulating can be witnessed the rebirth bodhisatta last before his birth as a human Siddhattha (Siddhartha). The set depicts the story is that when life as rabbits, elephants, humans and even gods. This story is taken from the fifth book of the Sutta Pitaka, part of Khudaka Nikaya called Jataka. Jataka stories of this well-liked by children are Buddhists, and making it believe that there is rebirth before achieving Nirvana.
Starting the fifth to the seventh floor walls are not berelief. If the previous four square floor, three floors with no relief, called Arupa-Datu circular. Ninth part is the main stupa.
There's more one-story basement (underground), which only opened slightly, called Kama-Datu, describes the fulfillment of lust. Four floors the relief by historians called Rupa-Datu. That is why Borobudur is also called "sacred building ten levels." For fans of history, Borobudur is not likely witnessed once, twice and even ten times. Toured a thousand single time endless storytelling. Borobudur jet deadline wading through century after century mission that exalts radiate greatness of God Almighty. Borobudur which emit light like a pearl glory of all time.
